What is Stomach Cancer?

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a malignant tumor that arises from the lining of the stomach. It can develop in any part of the stomach and may spread to other parts of the body, including the esophagus, liver, lungs, and lymph nodes.

Types of Stomach Cancer

• Adenocarcinoma: The most common type, originating in the glandular cells of the stomach lining.
• Lymphoma: Cancer that begins in the immune system tissues of the stomach.
• Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST): Rare tumors originating in the interstitial cells of the stomach wall.
• Carcinoid Tumors: Tumors that start in hormone-producing cells of the stomach.

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing stomach cancer:

• Age: Most common in people over 50.
• Gender: More common in men than women.
• Diet: Diets high in smoked, salted, and pickled foods.
• Helicobacter pylori Infection: A common stomach infection that can lead to ulcers and increase cancer risk.
• Family History: Having a close relative with stomach cancer.
• Smoking: Increases the risk of stomach cancer.
• Medical Conditions: Conditions such as chronic gastritis, pernicious anemia, and stomach polyps.

Symptoms

Stomach cancer symptoms can be vague and often resemble less serious conditions. Common symptoms include:

• Indigestion or heartburn
• Loss of appetite
• Abdominal discomfort or pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Bloating after meals
• Unexplained weight loss
• Difficulty swallowing
• Blood in vomit or stools

Diagnosis

Diagnosing stomach cancer typically involves several steps:

• Medical History and Physical Exam: Initial assessment by a healthcare provider.
• Endoscopy: A procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is used to view the stomach lining.
• Biopsy: A sample of stomach tissue is taken during endoscopy for microscopic examination.
• Imaging Tests: CT scans, PET scans, and X-rays to detect the presence and spread of cancer.
• Blood Tests: To check for signs of cancer and overall health.

Stages of Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer is staged based on the extent of tumor growth and spread:

• Stage 0: Cancer is confined to the inner lining of the stomach.
• Stage I: Cancer has spread to the submucosa and possibly to nearby lymph nodes.
• Stage II: Cancer has spread to the muscle layer of the stomach wall and more lymph nodes.
• Stage III: Cancer has spread through all layers of the stomach wall and to nearby organs and lymph nodes.
• Stage IV: Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health:

• Surgery: Removal of part or all of the stomach (gastrectomy) and nearby lymph nodes.
• Chemotherapy: Drugs used to kill cancer cells or stop their growth.
• Radiation Therapy: High-energy rays used to target and kill cancer cells.
• Targeted Therapy: Drugs that target specific genes or proteins involved in cancer growth.
• Immunotherapy: Boosting the immune system to fight cancer.

Prevention and Management

While not all stomach cancers can be prevented, certain lifestyle changes can reduce the risk:

• Diet: Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while limiting smoked and salty foods.
• Avoid Smoking: Quitting smoking reduces the risk of many cancers, including stomach cancer.
• Regular Medical Checkups: For those with risk factors, regular screening and medical checkups can help detect cancer early.

Prognosis

The prognosis for stomach cancer depends on the cancer stage at diagnosis, overall health, and response to treatment. Early-stage stomach cancer has a better prognosis compared to advanced stages. Regular follow-ups and supportive care are essential for managing the disease and maintaining quality of life.