Types :-

• Adenocarcinoma :- The most common type, accounting for about 90% of gallbladder cancers, originating in the glandular cells lining the gallbladder.
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma :- Originates in the flat cells lining the gallbladder.
• Adenosquamous Carcinoma :- Contains both glandular and squamous cells.
• Neuroendocrine Tumors :- Rare tumors originating from hormone-producing cells.

Risk Factors :-

• Gallstones :- The most significant risk factor.
• Chronic Gallbladder Inflammation :- Persistent inflammation can increase cancer risk.
• Age and Gender :- More common in older adults and women.
• Obesity :- Increases the risk of developing gallstones and gallbladder cancer.
• Family History :- A family history of gallbladder cancer or gallstones.
• Infection :- Chronic typhoid infection or other chronic infections.
• Abnormalities in the Bile Ducts :- Certain congenital bile duct abnormalities.

Symptoms :-

• Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right part of the abdomen
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite and unexplained weight loss
• Fever
• Dark urine
• Pale stools
• Generalized itching (pruritus)

Diagnosis :-

• Imaging Tests :- Ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, and PET scans to visualize the gallbladder and surrounding structures.
• Blood Tests :- To check liver function and detect markers that may indicate cancer.
• Biopsy :- Removing a small tissue sample for examination under a microscope.
• Endoscopic Procedures :- ERCP or endoscopic ultrasound to get detailed images and possibly take biopsy samples.

Treatment :-

• Surgery :- The primary treatment for localized gallbladder cancer, often involving removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) and possibly parts of the liver and bile ducts.
• Radiation Therapy :- Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells, often used after surgery.
• Chemotherapy :- Using drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing, which can be used before surgery (neoadjuvant) or after surgery (adjuvant).
• Targeted Therapy :- Drugs that target specific abnormalities in cancer cells.
• Palliative Care :- Focused on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life, especially in advanced stages.

Prognosis :-

• The prognosis for gallbladder cancer depends on the stage at which it is diagnosed. Early-stage gallbladder cancer has a better prognosis, but most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage due to the lack of early symptoms.

Prevention :-

• Manage Risk Factors :- Maintain a healthy weight, avoid smoking, and manage chronic gallbladder inflammation.
• Regular Check-ups :- For those with risk factors, regular medical check-ups can help in early detection.
• Healthy Diet :- A diet high in fiber and low in fats can help reduce the risk of gallstones and gallbladder issues.